Categories
Action Carrying Capacity Environment Global Climate Change Population

Stop Wildfires

The article below may be copied or published but must remain intact, with attribution to the author. I also request that the words “First published in the Durango Herald” accompany any publication. For more information, please write the author at: richard@population-matters.org.

 

Stop Wildfires

© Richard Grossman MD, 2008

 

Only you can prevent forest fires

Smokey Bear

 

            Prevention and control of wildfires are big concerns as the summer progresses. For years we had thought that their increased size and numbers were caused by management practices over the past century. Strong evidence supports another theory.

            Our Forest Service tried to maximize the productivity of National Forests by suppressing fire. Their theory, starting a century ago, was that saving forests from fire would make them more fruitful—more board feet of lumber could be harvested. Biologists now recognize that fire is actually beneficial to the ecology of forests. For instance, a fire in a southwestern ponderosa pine forest is usually down low and burns the undergrowth while sparing the trees themselves. Small plants that would sap the water and minerals in the soil are reduced so that he trees can grow better. Furthermore, fire creates an ideal seedbed for ponderosa seedlings by consuming dead organic matter on the soil surface.

            Moreover, suppression of fire can cause problems. The underbrush and dead wood build up. When lightening does strike, there is so much fuel waiting to blaze that an inferno can result.

            An article published in Science magazine reported a detailed study of wildfires in the western United States over the past 35 years. The authors compared this database with information about forestry practices and climate/precipitation. They found that large wildfire activity increased markedly starting in the 1980’s. They also found that the increase in fires correlated best with increased spring and summer temperatures and with earlier spring snowmelt.

            Even if snow pack at the end of the winter were adequate, it would melt off earlier than in the past. This lack of moisture, combined with higher temperatures during spring and summer, make for a long, dry fire season.

            It seems that we are seeing an effect of global climate change close to home.

            Gardeners may have already noted a change. Most seed packages have information about where it is appropriate to grow the plants. For instance, La Plata County is in plant Hardiness Zone 5 or 6, determined by the lowest winter temperatures. The National Arbor Day Foundation has revised its zone map to reflect a warming of the climate from 1990 and 2006. Find more information about this, including a map showing where the zones have changed, in Wikipedia.

            Another example of an effect of climate change is found in the Bay of Bengal, at the delta of the sacred Ganges River. Warming has caused a significant rise in the sea level, submerging islands there. The island of Lohachara was the first to be abandoned, leaving 10,000 landless refugees. Unfortunately, there are many more islands to follow. Two locals, Nick Manning and Tyler Quintano, documented this tragedy in their movie “Between the Tides.”

The whole country of Kiribati is threatened by flooding. Citizens of this collection of 33 low coral atolls peppered in the South Pacific are preparing abandon their homeland as it is gradually being inundated. They may be followed shortly by residents of other Pacific nations, including Tuvalu and Vanuatu. So far, no other country is willing to house these environmental refugees, who may number more than 300,000 people.

Yes, Southwest Colorado had a colder-than-usual winter last year with great snowpack.  No, global climate change does not mean that all parts of the planet are getting warmer, or that there isn’t variation from year to year.

Climate change models predict an increase in average temperature and

greater variation in temperature than we are accustomed to. Models also predict more extreme weather events, such as severe hurricanes. The weight of the evidence is that our climate is changing for the worse—and we are the cause. What can we do about it?

Dr. Chris Rapley, head of the Science Museum in London, has come up with the cheapest and most obvious answer to slow global climate change. We need to improve access to contraception by education and healthcare. “I am not advocating genocide” said Rapley. He does advocate reducing the birthrate—fewer people on the planet will mean less carbon dioxide being pumped into the atmosphere. “To achieve this goal you would only have to spend a fraction of the money that would be needed to bring about technological fixes…. However, everyone has decided, quietly, to ignore the issue.”

            Everyone, that is, other than readers of the Durango Herald. Many of us have recognized that human population growth is the basis of countless problems that we face today.

Categories
Population

Invent

The article below may be copied or published but must remain intact, with attribution to the author. I also request that the words “First published in the Durango Herald” accompany any publication. For more information, please write the author at: richard@population-matters.org.

 

Invent

© Richard Grossman MD, 2008

 

            A number of years ago I came up with a brilliant invention—a rip-stop condom. Like rip-stop Nylon, it was thin but had a mesh to make it stronger.

I enjoyed the challenges of patenting this invention. The next step was to sell the patent to a manufacturer. The companies I talked with wanted proof that my design was superior to current condoms.

The Akron Rubber Development Laboratory was happy to help test my design. We worked together for several months until I realized that my invention was actually inferior to what was already on the market. I had to give up my dream of making it big in condoms.

            We have many different family planning methods available, but none is perfect. Some have side effects that make them unacceptable to some people. Other methods require a high level of compliance, such as taking a pill every day. One, the male condom, has a high failure rate due to ruptures.

Some methods are so expensive to be prohibitive for many people. For instance, it costs a woman several hundred dollars to get one of the two IUDs that are available. Even birth control pills cost several hundred dollars each year. This high cost may be justified by the price of bringing a new contraceptive product to the market—many millions of dollars.

Fortunately there are imaginative, dedicated people working on finding better family planning methods. Some of them have better ideas and better backing than me.

A few years ago I met Dr. Marcus Filshie at dinner during a medical meeting. I had never thought about the Filshie clip as having been invented by a real person, but I was to learn more at lunch the next day. His invention proved to be more successful than mine.

            Dr. Filshie finished his training in obstetrics and gynecology shortly after The Population Bomb hit the bookstores and raised interest in human population. He worked in Uganda, Africa, where miscarriages are a major problem. Without good medical care, an early pregnancy loss can lead to life threatening hemorrhage or infection. It is essential to remove the dead tissue from the woman’s uterus before it causes a problem. The traditional medical way is with a D&C, but that is “resource intensive”. This minor surgery is usually done with general anesthesia in a hospital. In a developing country there are just weren’t enough facilities or trained people.

Dr. Filshie investigated ways to simplify the care of women with miscarriage. He refined an easy-to-learn technique by perfecting the use of simple instruments that don’t require electricity. It is so straightforward that medical assistants can perform it safely, freeing physicians for more complicated care. He described this technique in a paper published in the prestigious medical journal “Lancet”. His article drew the attention of a medical think tank, the Simon Population Trust, which funded an instructional video illustrating care of a miscarriage.

            The Trust decided that a safe, effective method of doing tubal ligations would benefit women’s health by reducing unwanted fertility. A clip already in use for female sterilization had a high failure rate. The Trust sponsored Dr. Filshie’s research to invent a better clip that is easy to apply using minimally invasive surgery.

            This little clip is titanium around soft Silicone rubber. If a woman wishes sterility, one can be put on each Fallopian tube. This can be done right after the birth of a baby through a small incision in her belly button, or by other surgical techniques. Over 4 million women worldwide have had voluntary sterilization with these clips.

Although Filshie clips are not available in Durango because of cost (destroying a tubal segment with electricity is less expensive), they have at least two advantages over other methods of female sterilization. These clips have a very low failure rate. Furthermore, they only destroy a short segment of the woman’s tube. If she changes her mind and wants another baby, the chances of success with reversal surgery are quite good.

            Worldwide it is estimated that there are two hundred million couples who want to limit their fertility, but don’t have access to modern contraceptive methods. Offering them modern contraceptive choices will go a long way toward slowing the population explosion and toward solving the climate change crisis. Even in this country there are people who have difficulty finding and affording a method that will work well for them. There definitely is need for innovative people to find new ways to help control fertility.